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Multiple Comparisons in Model Monitoring: Why the Alerts Never Stop
Test two hundred features every morning at the 5 percent level and you get about ten alerts a day with nothing wrong. After a week nobody reads them, and the...
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A Stool Sample Is Not a Diagnosis
Modern microbiome tests generate enormous amounts of data from a stool sample. When one homogenised sample was sent to seven companies, the reports shared th...
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Concentration Inequalities Quantify How Random Sums Leave Their Typical Set
The law of large numbers says averages stabilize, and the central limit theorem describes their typical fluctuations. Concentration inequalities ask a differ...
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When Users Don't Take the Treatment: Intention to Treat, Per Protocol and the Complier Effect
The feature is assigned to half the users and 60 percent of them turn it on. Comparing users who turned it on with users who did not gives an effect of 3.75....
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Using Unsupervised Learning for Early Data Drift Detection
When labels arrive late, production teams need early signals that the input environment has changed. Unsupervised drift detection can provide those signals, ...
Read articleHormones Are Not a Single Balance
"Hormone imbalance" is used as if the body had one dial that could be pushed back into range. Hormones belong to separate feedback systems whose normal behav...
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Acceptance Sampling: What a Clean Sample of Fifty Actually Proves
Fifty parts inspected, none defective, batch approved. A batch running at two percent defective passes that inspection 36 percent of the time, and one at fiv...
Read articleNatural Origin Does Not Establish Safety
Natural describes an origin. To assess safety, we also need to know the substance, the amount, the route, and the conditions of use. A simple calculation sho...
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RAG Is a Retrieval System Before It Is an LLM System
A RAG system can fail even when the language model is excellent. If the right evidence is not retrieved, ranked, retained and placed into context, generation...
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Distance Concentration: Why Nearest Neighbours Stop Meaning Anything in High Dimensions
A monitoring system computes a two-thousand-feature signature per machine and flags any machine whose nearest neighbours are far away. In two thousand dimens...
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