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Absence of Evidence Is Not Always Evidence of Absence
Two studies can report the same estimated effect and the same non-significant result while providing radically different evidence. The difference lies in wha...
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How to Write a Research Paper
Master the process of writing a research paper with tips on developing a thesis, structuring arguments, organizing literature reviews, and improving academic...
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Critical Review of 'Bursting the (Filter) Bubble: Interactions of Members of Parliament on Twitter'
Introduction
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Probability Integral Transform: Theory and Applications
An in-depth guide to understanding and applying the Probability Integral Transform in various fields, from finance to statistics.
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Understanding Probability and Odds
Discover the difference between probability and odds in biostatistics, and how these concepts apply to data science and machine learning. A clear explanation...
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Credit-Score Gini: Ranking Is Not Calibration
In binary credit scoring, the model Gini is a linear transformation of ROC AUC. It measures ranking discrimination, not calibration, default rate, or economi...
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Bhattacharyya Distance: Measuring Distribution Overlap
Bhattacharyya distance measures overlap between probability distributions. It should be treated separately from predictive loss functions such as squared err...
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Markov Chains: State, Recurrence, Stationarity, and Mixing
A Markov chain is a stochastic process whose future evolution is conditionally independent of the distant past once the present state is known. That sentence...
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Regularization: Geometry, Bias, and Statistical Control
Regularization is often introduced as a practical device for preventing overfitting, but that description is too shallow to explain what the method actually ...
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Feature Engineering: Representation, Leakage, and Validation
Feature engineering is often described as the process of creating variables that help a machine-learning model predict more accurately. That description is c...
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